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Directed Thinking On Being Oneself Economics Is a Branch of Biology Life Is Also Frustration How Goods are Bought and Sold Leisure and work The Pecuniary Standard of Living The Uses of Time Teaching People to Want Things Art as leisure The Loss of Privacy The Great Emptiness	The Passion for Football The World Cup Winners from 1950 to 1994 The Uruguayan team 1950 Maspoli, Matias Gonzales, Tejera, Gambetta, Varela, Andrade, Ghiggia, Perez, Miguez, Schiaffino, Moran. Coach: Lopez. The German team 1954 F. Walter, Turek, Eckel, Rahn, O. Walter, Liebrich, Posipal, Schafer, Kohlmeyer, Mai, Morlock. Coach: Herberger. The Brazilian team 1958 Gilmar, Djalma Santos, Bellini, Orlando, Nilton Santos, Zito, Didi, Garrincha, Vava, Pelé, Zagallo. Coach: Feola. The Brazilian team 1962 J. Snatos, Zito, Gilmar, Zozimo, M. Santos, Mauro, Garrinicha, Didi, Vava, Amarildo, Zagallo. Coach: Moreira. The British Team 1966 Stiles, J. Charlton, Ball, Peters, Hurst, Moore, Wilson, Cohen, B. Charlton. Coach: Ramsey. The Brazilian team 1970 Carlos Alberto, Leao, Brito, Joel, Clodoaldo, Marco Antonio, Jair, Gerson, Roberto, Pelé, Paulo Cesar. Coach: Zagallo. The German team 1974 Beckenhauer, Maier, Schwarzenbeck, Bonhof, Hölzenbein, Wimmer, Müller, Overath, Herzog, Breitner, Vogts. Coach: Michels. The Argentine team 1978 Passarella, Galvan, Houseman, Fillol, Luque, Olguin, Ardiles, L. Galvan, Valencia, Tarantini, Kempes. Coach: Menotti. The Italian team 1982 Graziani, Zoff, Bergomi, Scierea, Antognoni, Collovati, Cabrini, Rossi, Conti, Oriali, Tardelli. Coach: Bearzot. The Argentine team 1986 Pumpido, Cuciuffo, Ruggieri, Brown, Olarticoechea, Batista, Giusti, Burruchaga, (Trobbiani), Enrique, Maradona, Valdano. Coach: Bilardo. The German team 1990 Illgner, Brehme, Augenthaler, Kohler, Berthold (Reuter), Buchwald, Hässler, Matthäus, Littharski, Völler, Klinsmann. Coach: Beckenbauer. The Brazilian team 1994 Taffarel, Jorginho (Cafu), Aldair, Marcio, Santos, Branco, Mauro Silva, Dunga, Zinho, (Viola), Mazinho, Bebeto, Romario. Coach: Parreira. The “football phenomenon” has been the subject of several scientific studies. Nevertheless, no sociologist or psychologist has been able to demonstrate exactly how the football virus was transmitted to the entire human race. Football is the only passion that people harbour from adolescence to the grave. The French writer and statesman André Malraux once made the unfortunate remark: “I regret that there are fewer and fewer people in the museums and more and more in the stadiums”, to which his compatriot, former director general of UNESCO René Maheu, replied that to him the two activities did not seem at all incompatible, and that in an ideal society people would frequent both museums and stadiums, as the beauty of movement in football was on the same order as the beauty of form in a work of art. It is a pity that André Malraux and René Maheu are no longer with us. for the Olympic Museum in Lausanne would have pleased them both. But the football phenomenon is inexplicable: at once simple and complex. It is a social factor which directly concerns heads of state and governments. Even Baron Pierre de Coubertin, founder of modern Olympism and a highly cultured intellectual, did not omit football from his writings. Hence in 1882, even before the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894, he penned a portrait of the football player which is remarkable and highly instructive. “A good player,” he wrote, “will always know how the forces on his own team and the opposing team are distributed. He will ascertain his adversary’s weak spot and. if he has sufficient support, he will calculate in an instant the consequences of a stoppage; a glance will suffice to show which of his teammates he should pass the ball to. and the ball will be there in the twinkling of an eye. What if his efforts have not succeeded and his team has already lost several points? Discouragement is like light: it travels staggeringly fast. A touch of lassitude in an elite player. a slowing of his movements, an ill-judged word, are enough to make everything fall to pieces. But no! He continues with redoubled determination, and his teammates’ confidence soars. A foul has just been committed before his eyes. and he was on the point of speaking up, but the captain didn’t say anything. the referee didn’t blow his whistle: it would have meant a free kick or a penalty for his side. What a shame! The thought that the referee was unfair flits through his mind; he dismisses it and continues to do his duty until the end of the match Then. if he can truly tell himself that not once was he afraid. and not once did he sacrifice the team’s best interests to the wish to perform some feat of individual prowess. he will be pleased with himself. No one will ever convince me that a young man who has gone through this is not better prepared than other people for the football of life. “In life one encounters all the incidents, emotions and obligations that are the features of true football: the struggle over a ball that has to be captured. Woe betide the man who hesitates over a course of action and wastes precious time hemming and hawing! Woe betide the man who is brought low by failure and gives in to discouragement! Alongside the individual work ethic that instructs one always to be prepared to push ahead, there is the ethic of social solidarity that makes one nevertheless dependent upon one’s fellow citizens: they are the team of which the individual is a member.” It was as Frenchman Henri Delaunay who, as early, as 1926, contributed to the drafting of a report on the conditions for organizing a football world championship. As his compatriot and FIFA president Jules Rimet was not convinced. it was not until 26 May 1928, in Amsterdam, at the end of a very heated FIFA congress. that the various representatives of the affiliated countries took the decision to hold the football World Cup. Although it was Delaunay’s idea that prevailed. Sadly, the precious cup was stolen and has never been recovered. The current FIFA world cup is the work of Italian artist Silvio Gazzniga, and weighs 4.97 kg. Subsequently, through changing times and social, historical and economic circumstances, the game has acquired its “letters of nobility”. becoming the King of sports. Now the second-biggest international sport event after the Olympic Games. the football World Cup has indeed become a symbol of the common identity among nations. In the beginning, only 7 countries were part of the FIFA: France, Spain. the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark, to which must be added Germany, which ratified its request for membership afterward. England did not become a member of FIFA until one year after the association‘s creation. By 1930, forty national associations had become affiliated. Over the years, but especially during the independence era, many states in Africa, Asia, Oceania, Central America and the Caribbean have made their entrance onto the international sporting stage. Less well-known than FIFA, the International Football Association Board plays a major role in leading football worldwide, especially since the International Board is in fact an integral part of the history of football. To understand the origins of this relationship, we have to go back to 1863, when the Football Association was created in England. In parallel with the expansion of the sport, first throughout the British Isles, then to the continent of Europe and just about everywhere else. it became increasingly clear that there was a need to introduce a degree of homogeneity to the rules. In 1882, the year Pierre de Coubertin penned his portrait of a football player, the four British associations. England. Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, met and decided to create the International Board: a body with exclusive authority to make decisions concerning the regulations of football. These rules of the game therefore became the universal standard, and the International Board became the caretaker - as it remains today - of a certain sporting ethic which has, moreover, only rarely been challenged. The International Board now comprises the four representatives of the British associations, as well as four members elected by FIFA. It was not until 1930 that the dream became a reality, in South America. where Uruguay confirmed its place at the top of international football following its 1924 Olympic victory. During the final between Uruguay, and Argentina, both teams insisted on using their own ball. The Belgian referee Langemus, dressed in a suit and tie, used the Argentine ball for the first half and Uruguay's ball for the second half. Uruguay finally won 4 goals to 2 before 108,000 spectators in Montevideo, and thus become the first football world champion.